Digital Technology Adoption and Voter Participation: A Systematic Review of Uneven Effects
Abstract
The rapid adoption of digital technology has transformed democratic processes, particularly in shaping electoral participation. However, existing studies report inconsistent and often contradictory findings regarding its impact, largely due to the assumption of uniform effects across different contexts. This study addresses this gap by systematically examining how digital technology produces uneven effects on voter participation. In this study, digital technology is defined as digitally networked tools that mediate political information and engagement, including social media platforms, digital campaigning infrastructures, and algorithm-driven communication systems. Voter participation is conceptualized primarily as electoral engagement, encompassing voter turnout, voting intention, and participation in election-related activities. This study employs a systematic literature review approach, analyzing empirical articles published between 2020 and 2025 from Scopus, JSTOR, and DOAJ databases. A structured protocol based on PRISMA guidelines was used to ensure transparency and rigor in the selection, extraction, and synthesis processes. The findings reveal that digital technology exerts diverse and context-dependent effects on voter participation. While it can enhance engagement through increased access to information and mobilization, it can also generate demobilizing outcomes through misinformation, polarization, and declining trust. These effects are not uniform but are shaped by the interaction of individual factors (e.g., age and digital literacy), technological characteristics (e.g., platform affordances and algorithmic curation), and contextual conditions (e.g., institutional trust and governance quality). This study contributes to digital democracy scholarship by advancing the concept of uneven effects as a central analytical framework for understanding how digital environments reshape electoral participation. It demonstrates that digital technology functions as a conditional force that can both expand and constrain democratic engagement, depending on how structural inequalities are mediated within digital ecosystems. Practically, these findings highlight the need for policies that reduce digital inequalities, strengthen digital literacy, and improve governance frameworks to support more inclusive electoral participation.
References
Abdulkareem, A. K., Abdulkareem, Z. J., Ishola, A. A., & Akindele, I. T. (2022). Does e-government impact e-participation? The influence of trust in e-government. International Review of Public Administration, 27(2), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2022.2071540
Aisyah, D. N., Setiawan, A. H., Lokopessy, A. F., Faradiba, N., Setiaji, S., Manikam, L., & Kozlakidis, Z. (2024). The information and communication technology maturity assessment at primary health care services across 9 provinces in Indonesia: Evaluation study. JMIR Medical Informatics, 12. https://doi.org/10.2196/55959
Al-Zoubi, A., Aldmour, M., & Aldmour, R. (2022). Preserving transparency and integrity of elections utilising blockchain technology. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 10(4), 24–40. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v10n4.626
Alharbi, A., & Stevenson, M. (2020). Refining Boolean queries to identify relevant studies for systematic review updates. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 27(11), 1658–1666. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa148
Allcott, H., Gentzkow, M., Mason, W., Wilkins, A., Barberá, P., Brown, T., Cisneros, J. C., Crespo-Tenorio, A., Dimmery, D., Freelon, D., González-Bailón, S., Guess, A. M., Kim, Y. M., Lazer, D., Malhotra, N., Moehler, D., Nair-Desai, S., El Barj, H. N., Nyhan, B., … Tucker, J. A. (2024). The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121(21), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2321584121
Alodat, A. M., Al-Qora'n, L. F., & Abu Hamoud, M. (2023). Social media platforms and political participation: A study of Jordanian youth engagement. Social Sciences, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12070402
Asimakopoulos, G., Antonopoulou, H., Giotopoulos, K., & Halkiopoulos, C. (2025). Impact of information and communication technologies on democratic processes and citizen participation. Societies, 15(2), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15020040
Brunton, G., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (2020). Innovations in framework synthesis as a systematic review method. Research Synthesis Methods, 11(3), 316–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1399
Carrera-Rivera, A., Ochoa, W., Larrinaga, F., & Lasa, G. (2022). How-to conduct a systematic literature review: A quick guide for computer science research. MethodsX, 9, Article 101895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101895
Chege, A., Mwakyusa, J., & Wanjiru, E. (2026). Digital governance and public participation in emerging democracies: A systematic review. Emerging Perspective in Social and Politics, 1(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.53623/epsp.v1i1.1103
Claassen, C., & Magalhães, P. C. (2022). Effective government and evaluations of democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 55(5), 869–894. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211036042
Deseriis, M. (2021). Rethinking the digital democratic affordance and its impact on political representation: Toward a new framework. New Media & Society, 23(8), 2452–2473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820929678
Elven, T. M. A., & Al-Muqorrobin, S. A. (2021). Consolidating Indonesia's fragile elections through e-voting: Lessons learned from India and the Philippines. Indonesian Comparative Law Review, 3(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.18196/iclr.v3i1.11298
Erkut, B. (2020). From digital government to digital governance: Are we there yet. Sustainability, 12(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030860
Espinosa, V. I., & Pino, A. (2025). E-government as a development strategy: The case of Estonia. International Journal of Public Administration, 48(2), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2024.2316128
Fang, C., & Liu, Z. (2024). Earth vitality: An integrated framework for tracking Earth sustainability. Geography and Sustainability, 5(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2023.11.002
Garnett, H. A., & James, T. S. (2020). Cyber elections in the digital age: Threats and opportunities of technology for electoral integrity. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 19(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2020.0633
Gonzalez-Mohino, M., Rodriguez-Domenech, M. Á., Callejas-Albiñana, A. I., & Castillo-Canalejo, A. (2023). Empowering critical thinking: The role of digital tools in citizen participation. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 12(2), 258–275. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2023.7.1385
Green, J., Hobbs, W., McCabe, S., & Lazer, D. (2022). Online engagement with 2020 election misinformation and turnout in the 2021 Georgia runoff election. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(34), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115900119
Haddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C., & McGuinness, L. A. (2022). PRISMA 2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and open synthesis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(2), Article e1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230
Haefner, L., & Sternberg, R. (2020). Spatial implications of digitization: State of the field and research agenda. Geography Compass, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12544
Huang, H., & Zhang, Z. (2025). Equalization of basic public services enabled by digitization: A study of mechanism and heterogeneity. PLOS ONE, 20(1), Article e0317207. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317207
Imawan, R. (2023). Digital democracy: The evolution of Indonesia electoral politics. The Sunan Ampel Review of Political and Social Sciences, 3(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.15642/sarpass.2023.3.1.65-78
Indriyanti, A. D., Gernowo, R., Sediyono, E., & Ali, M. (2025). Detecting public issues in the 2024 East Java gubernatorial election through LDA topic modeling on social media X. Data and Metadata, 4. https://doi.org/10.56294/dm20251140
Karadjis, M. (2026). Assessing socialist democracy in Vietnam. In A. Kladnik (Ed.), Visions and practices of democracy in socialist and post-colonial states (pp. 185–209). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07773-8_8
Kim, D. K. D., & Kim, I. (2025). Social media as a seed of connective democracy in Myanmar (Burma): Freedom of speech, contractarianism, and strategic use of social media. Social Media + Society, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051251329996
Kreps, S., & Jakesch, M. (2023). Can AI communication tools increase legislative responsiveness and trust in democratic institutions? Government Information Quarterly, 40(3), Article 101829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101829
Lablih, M., & Sciarini, P. (2025). Who are the internet voters? An age, period and cohort analysis of e-voting use. Electoral Studies, 95, Article 102923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2025.102923
Lame, G. (2019). Systematic literature reviews: An introduction. Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design, 1, 1633–1642. https://doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.169
Larsson, K. K. (2021). Digitization or equality: When government automation covers some, but not all citizens. Government Information Quarterly, 38(1), Article 101547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101547
Linares-Espinós, E., Hernández, V., Domínguez-Escrig, J. L., Fernández-Pello, S., Hevia, V., Mayor, J., Padilla-Fernández, B., & Ribal, M. J. (2018). Methodology of a systematic review. Actas Urológicas Españolas, 42(8), 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2018.07.002
Linnenluecke, M. K., Marrone, M., & Singh, A. K. (2020). Conducting systematic literature reviews and bibliometric analyses. Australian Journal of Management, 45(2), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219877678
Matthes, J. (2022). Social media and the political engagement of young adults: Between mobilization and distraction. Online Media and Global Communication, 1(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/omgc-2022-0006
McDonnell, J. (2020). Municipality size, political efficacy and political participation: A systematic review. Local Government Studies, 46(3), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1600510
Porter, T., & Tan, N. (2023). Introduction: Democracy and digitization. Globalizations, 20(1), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2156033
Ruess, C., Hoffmann, C. P., Boulianne, S., & Heger, K. (2023). Online political participation: The evolution of a concept. Information, Communication & Society, 26(8), 1495–1512. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2013919
Şahin, D. (2024). E-governance and social media in terms of governance processes. Kamu Yönetimi ve Politikaları Dergisi, 5(2), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.58658/kaypod.1503882
Saud, M., & Margono, H. (2021). Indonesia's rise in digital democracy and youth's political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 18(4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1900019
Schreiber, F., & Cramer, C. (2024). Towards a conceptual systematic review: Proposing a methodological framework. Educational Review, 76(6), 1458–1479. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2022.2116561
Schwanholz, J., & Graham, T. (2018). Digital transformation: New opportunities and challenges for democracy? In J. Schwanholz, T. Graham, & P.-T. Stoll (Eds.), Managing democracy in the digital age (pp. 1–7). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61708-4_1
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Soyipov, S., Khaitov, F., Shukurova, F., Rashidova, K., Aliyeva, M., Yuldasheva, G., Berdiyeva, N., & Jumanov, A. (2024). Digital democracy: How technology can drive higher voter turnout in elections. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 14(4), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.51983/ijiss-2024.14.4.04
Stratu-Strelet, D., Gil-Gómez, H., Oltra-Badenes, R., & Guerola-Navarro, V. (2023). Exploring the links between democracy and digital transformation in developing Latin America countries: Building a democracy consolidation theory. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 195, Article 122742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122742
Theocharis, Y., Boulianne, S., Koc-Michalska, K., & Bimber, B. (2023). Platform affordances and political participation: How social media reshape political engagement. West European Politics, 46(4), 788–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2087410
Torres-Carrión, P. V., González-González, C. S., Aciar, S., & Rodríguez-Morales, G. (2018). Methodology for systematic literature review applied to engineering and education. In 2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (pp. 1364–1373). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363388
Tudor, M. (2013). The promise of power: The origins of democracy in India and autocracy in Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139519076
Ugur-Cinar, M., & Ince, T. (2023). What leads to voting despite intention to abstain? Emotions, turnout, and negative campaigns in Turkish elections. Review of Middle East Studies, 57(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2024.5
Umbach, G., & Tkalec, I. (2022). Evaluating e-governance through e-government: Practices and challenges of assessing the digitalisation of public governmental services. Evaluation and Program Planning, 93, Article 102118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102118
Wandaogo, A. (2022). Does digitalization improve government effectiveness? Evidence from developing and developed countries. Applied Economics, 54(33), 3840–3860. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2021.2016590
Wang, C. H., & Tsai, C. H. (2023). Social media as mobilizer and demobilizer: Evidence from Taiwan. SAGE Open, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231156806
Widiasari, N. K. N., & Thalib, E. F. (2022). The impact of information technology development on cybercrime rate in Indonesia. Journal of Digital Law and Policy, 1(2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.58982/jdlp.v1i2.165
Xiao, Y., & Watson, M. (2019). Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971
Aisyah, D. N., Setiawan, A. H., Lokopessy, A. F., Faradiba, N., Setiaji, S., Manikam, L., & Kozlakidis, Z. (2024). The information and communication technology maturity assessment at primary health care services across 9 provinces in Indonesia: Evaluation study. JMIR Medical Informatics, 12. https://doi.org/10.2196/55959
Al-Zoubi, A., Aldmour, M., & Aldmour, R. (2022). Preserving transparency and integrity of elections utilising blockchain technology. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 10(4), 24–40. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v10n4.626
Alharbi, A., & Stevenson, M. (2020). Refining Boolean queries to identify relevant studies for systematic review updates. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 27(11), 1658–1666. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa148
Allcott, H., Gentzkow, M., Mason, W., Wilkins, A., Barberá, P., Brown, T., Cisneros, J. C., Crespo-Tenorio, A., Dimmery, D., Freelon, D., González-Bailón, S., Guess, A. M., Kim, Y. M., Lazer, D., Malhotra, N., Moehler, D., Nair-Desai, S., El Barj, H. N., Nyhan, B., … Tucker, J. A. (2024). The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121(21), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2321584121
Alodat, A. M., Al-Qora'n, L. F., & Abu Hamoud, M. (2023). Social media platforms and political participation: A study of Jordanian youth engagement. Social Sciences, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12070402
Asimakopoulos, G., Antonopoulou, H., Giotopoulos, K., & Halkiopoulos, C. (2025). Impact of information and communication technologies on democratic processes and citizen participation. Societies, 15(2), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15020040
Brunton, G., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (2020). Innovations in framework synthesis as a systematic review method. Research Synthesis Methods, 11(3), 316–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1399
Carrera-Rivera, A., Ochoa, W., Larrinaga, F., & Lasa, G. (2022). How-to conduct a systematic literature review: A quick guide for computer science research. MethodsX, 9, Article 101895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101895
Chege, A., Mwakyusa, J., & Wanjiru, E. (2026). Digital governance and public participation in emerging democracies: A systematic review. Emerging Perspective in Social and Politics, 1(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.53623/epsp.v1i1.1103
Claassen, C., & Magalhães, P. C. (2022). Effective government and evaluations of democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 55(5), 869–894. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211036042
Deseriis, M. (2021). Rethinking the digital democratic affordance and its impact on political representation: Toward a new framework. New Media & Society, 23(8), 2452–2473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820929678
Elven, T. M. A., & Al-Muqorrobin, S. A. (2021). Consolidating Indonesia's fragile elections through e-voting: Lessons learned from India and the Philippines. Indonesian Comparative Law Review, 3(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.18196/iclr.v3i1.11298
Erkut, B. (2020). From digital government to digital governance: Are we there yet. Sustainability, 12(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030860
Espinosa, V. I., & Pino, A. (2025). E-government as a development strategy: The case of Estonia. International Journal of Public Administration, 48(2), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2024.2316128
Fang, C., & Liu, Z. (2024). Earth vitality: An integrated framework for tracking Earth sustainability. Geography and Sustainability, 5(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2023.11.002
Garnett, H. A., & James, T. S. (2020). Cyber elections in the digital age: Threats and opportunities of technology for electoral integrity. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 19(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2020.0633
Gonzalez-Mohino, M., Rodriguez-Domenech, M. Á., Callejas-Albiñana, A. I., & Castillo-Canalejo, A. (2023). Empowering critical thinking: The role of digital tools in citizen participation. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 12(2), 258–275. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2023.7.1385
Green, J., Hobbs, W., McCabe, S., & Lazer, D. (2022). Online engagement with 2020 election misinformation and turnout in the 2021 Georgia runoff election. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(34), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115900119
Haddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C., & McGuinness, L. A. (2022). PRISMA 2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and open synthesis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(2), Article e1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230
Haefner, L., & Sternberg, R. (2020). Spatial implications of digitization: State of the field and research agenda. Geography Compass, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12544
Huang, H., & Zhang, Z. (2025). Equalization of basic public services enabled by digitization: A study of mechanism and heterogeneity. PLOS ONE, 20(1), Article e0317207. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317207
Imawan, R. (2023). Digital democracy: The evolution of Indonesia electoral politics. The Sunan Ampel Review of Political and Social Sciences, 3(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.15642/sarpass.2023.3.1.65-78
Indriyanti, A. D., Gernowo, R., Sediyono, E., & Ali, M. (2025). Detecting public issues in the 2024 East Java gubernatorial election through LDA topic modeling on social media X. Data and Metadata, 4. https://doi.org/10.56294/dm20251140
Karadjis, M. (2026). Assessing socialist democracy in Vietnam. In A. Kladnik (Ed.), Visions and practices of democracy in socialist and post-colonial states (pp. 185–209). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07773-8_8
Kim, D. K. D., & Kim, I. (2025). Social media as a seed of connective democracy in Myanmar (Burma): Freedom of speech, contractarianism, and strategic use of social media. Social Media + Society, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051251329996
Kreps, S., & Jakesch, M. (2023). Can AI communication tools increase legislative responsiveness and trust in democratic institutions? Government Information Quarterly, 40(3), Article 101829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101829
Lablih, M., & Sciarini, P. (2025). Who are the internet voters? An age, period and cohort analysis of e-voting use. Electoral Studies, 95, Article 102923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2025.102923
Lame, G. (2019). Systematic literature reviews: An introduction. Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design, 1, 1633–1642. https://doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.169
Larsson, K. K. (2021). Digitization or equality: When government automation covers some, but not all citizens. Government Information Quarterly, 38(1), Article 101547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101547
Linares-Espinós, E., Hernández, V., Domínguez-Escrig, J. L., Fernández-Pello, S., Hevia, V., Mayor, J., Padilla-Fernández, B., & Ribal, M. J. (2018). Methodology of a systematic review. Actas Urológicas Españolas, 42(8), 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2018.07.002
Linnenluecke, M. K., Marrone, M., & Singh, A. K. (2020). Conducting systematic literature reviews and bibliometric analyses. Australian Journal of Management, 45(2), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219877678
Matthes, J. (2022). Social media and the political engagement of young adults: Between mobilization and distraction. Online Media and Global Communication, 1(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/omgc-2022-0006
McDonnell, J. (2020). Municipality size, political efficacy and political participation: A systematic review. Local Government Studies, 46(3), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1600510
Porter, T., & Tan, N. (2023). Introduction: Democracy and digitization. Globalizations, 20(1), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2156033
Ruess, C., Hoffmann, C. P., Boulianne, S., & Heger, K. (2023). Online political participation: The evolution of a concept. Information, Communication & Society, 26(8), 1495–1512. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2013919
Şahin, D. (2024). E-governance and social media in terms of governance processes. Kamu Yönetimi ve Politikaları Dergisi, 5(2), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.58658/kaypod.1503882
Saud, M., & Margono, H. (2021). Indonesia's rise in digital democracy and youth's political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 18(4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1900019
Schreiber, F., & Cramer, C. (2024). Towards a conceptual systematic review: Proposing a methodological framework. Educational Review, 76(6), 1458–1479. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2022.2116561
Schwanholz, J., & Graham, T. (2018). Digital transformation: New opportunities and challenges for democracy? In J. Schwanholz, T. Graham, & P.-T. Stoll (Eds.), Managing democracy in the digital age (pp. 1–7). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61708-4_1
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Soyipov, S., Khaitov, F., Shukurova, F., Rashidova, K., Aliyeva, M., Yuldasheva, G., Berdiyeva, N., & Jumanov, A. (2024). Digital democracy: How technology can drive higher voter turnout in elections. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 14(4), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.51983/ijiss-2024.14.4.04
Stratu-Strelet, D., Gil-Gómez, H., Oltra-Badenes, R., & Guerola-Navarro, V. (2023). Exploring the links between democracy and digital transformation in developing Latin America countries: Building a democracy consolidation theory. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 195, Article 122742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122742
Theocharis, Y., Boulianne, S., Koc-Michalska, K., & Bimber, B. (2023). Platform affordances and political participation: How social media reshape political engagement. West European Politics, 46(4), 788–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2087410
Torres-Carrión, P. V., González-González, C. S., Aciar, S., & Rodríguez-Morales, G. (2018). Methodology for systematic literature review applied to engineering and education. In 2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (pp. 1364–1373). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363388
Tudor, M. (2013). The promise of power: The origins of democracy in India and autocracy in Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139519076
Ugur-Cinar, M., & Ince, T. (2023). What leads to voting despite intention to abstain? Emotions, turnout, and negative campaigns in Turkish elections. Review of Middle East Studies, 57(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2024.5
Umbach, G., & Tkalec, I. (2022). Evaluating e-governance through e-government: Practices and challenges of assessing the digitalisation of public governmental services. Evaluation and Program Planning, 93, Article 102118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102118
Wandaogo, A. (2022). Does digitalization improve government effectiveness? Evidence from developing and developed countries. Applied Economics, 54(33), 3840–3860. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2021.2016590
Wang, C. H., & Tsai, C. H. (2023). Social media as mobilizer and demobilizer: Evidence from Taiwan. SAGE Open, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231156806
Widiasari, N. K. N., & Thalib, E. F. (2022). The impact of information technology development on cybercrime rate in Indonesia. Journal of Digital Law and Policy, 1(2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.58982/jdlp.v1i2.165
Xiao, Y., & Watson, M. (2019). Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971
Authors
Digital Technology Adoption and Voter Participation: A Systematic Review of Uneven Effects. (2026). Journal of Government Science (GovSci) : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 7(1), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.54144/govsci.v7i1.158
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.