Correction & Retraction Policies

  1. Manuscript Withdrawal (Withdrawal/Retraction)
    Withdrawal of articles is done after publication if serious problems are found that make the content invalid or unethical.

    Reason for Withdrawal:
    Plagiarism:
    1. Plagiarism without attribution.
    2. Duplication: Multiple publications in more than one journal without permission.
    3. Fatal error: Methodological/data errors that undermine conclusions.
    4. Fraud: Data manipulation, undisclosed conflicts of interest, or sham research.
    5. Ethical violations: For example, failure to obtain ethical approval for human/animal research.

    Procedure:
    The publisher/journal issues a retraction notice explaining the reason for retraction.
    The article remains available with a “RETRACTED” watermark but is not considered a valid source.
    Authors or editors can request a retraction, usually after an investigation by an ethics board.

 

  1. Manuscript Correction (Correction/Erratum)
    Corrections are made if there are minor errors that do not affect the main conclusions.

    Types of Corrections:
    Erratum:
    1. Technical errors (typos, wrong images, etc.) on the part of the publisher.
    2. Corrigendum: Errors made by the authors (e.g., data analysis errors).

    Procedure:
    Authors/readers can report errors to the editor.
    The publisher publishes a separate document (Erratum/Corrigendum) linked to the original article.
    The online version of the article can be updated with a “Corrected” note